Splinter Haemorrhages

Blood clots under the nail that tend to run vertically.

Leukonychia

Discoloured, white spots on nails.

APPEARANCE

Milky white spots on the nails.

CAUSES

In most cases, leukonychia is not harmful and is usually caused by a small injury to the base of the nail (nail matrix) during nail development. 

However, leukonychia can also occur as a side effect from some medical conditions, medications and chemotherapy.

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

Aside from discolouration, leukonychia does not affect nail structure and manicure procedures can be undertaken as normal.

POSSIBLE TREAMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS
Reducing the occurrence of minor injuries to the nail will reduce future incidents of leukonychia.
However, as some forms of leukonychia may derive from serious illnesses, it is advised to seek medical attention from a doctor if there is an underlying cause.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
5http://doctorv.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/leukonychia-e1365272360959.jpg
6http://diseasespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Leukonychia-7.jpg

Blue Nails

Blue colouring in the nails present due to poor blood circulation.

APPEARANCE

CAUSES

Blueness in the nail indicates a low presence of oxygen in the blood distributed to the fingers.

When exposed to oxygen, blood takes on a bright red colour. In low amounts of oxygen, blood is blue or purple in colour, leading to blue colouring in the skin.

The following medical conditions are possible causes of blue nails:

Agyria 

Mepacrine 

⦁ Lack of oxygen 

Wilson's disease 

Silver poisoning 

Methemoglobinemia 

⦁ Chronic lung disease (e.g. asthma) 

⦁ Insufficient oxygen 

Subungual hematoma 

Trauma 

Fracture 

See causes of cyanosis 

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

Not really. However, with lack of blood supply, a massage could be applied, but with extra caution.

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/OPTIONS

It is advised you should see your doctor to determine the cause. 

Bibliography

3http://gulfnews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1466204!image/640450334.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_422/640450334.jpg

4http://www.newhealthguide.org/images/10442685/image001.jpg

Eggshell Nails

So called for their white colour and brittleness, eggshell nails are thin, fragile and curve over the edge of the finger.

APPEARANCE

Extremely thin and curved at the free edge. Nail detached from nail bed. 

Causes

Experts believe nail health is dependent on vitamin and nutrient intake. A deficiency in vitamins and nutrients are linked to nail weakness where eggshell nails may appear. 

Some of the causes include:

⦁ Improper diet

⦁ Medication

⦁ Nervous disorder

⦁ Internal disease

⦁ Stress

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

Eggshell nails are very fragile and may break if excessive force is applied during manicure. 

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS

Trimming nails. Change and maintain a healthy diet that fulfils your vitamin and nutrient. Stop medications that may be leading to eggshell nails.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1http://www.members.shaw.ca/nailsnirvana/disorders/Eggshell.jpg

2http://studydroid.com/imageCards/0v/8m/card-32791478-front.jpg

Onychogryphosis

Also known as 'Ram's Nails', these are nails that grow abnormally, often into long, hardened and yellow calluses. This can be discomforting and particularly painful when wearing closed-in shoes.

APPEARANCE
Yellow, hardened and mouldy. The toes grow abnormally often curling inwards or bending to the left/right, as particularly shown with the toe at the lower picture,  hence the name 'Ram's Nails'.

CAUSES
One quick reasoning is irregular trimming of the nails. However, wearing tight shoes and physical injury can also affect the toenails. Other diseases can be diabetes, decreased blood circulation, vascular disease, or fungal infection.

WILL THIS AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?
With long nails, it could possibly. During a pedicure, the therapist will need to work carefully, in case of any injury inflicted on both the client and themselves. In this case, buffing could be the best way to treat these nails. This will shorten the nail, and also provides healthier growth in the future.

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
The only best, complete method is to surgically remove the toenail/toenails, as it will be difficult and long to reduce it back to normal. But if the client chooses not to have surgery, then buffing it regularly is the best option. But as mentioned before, progression will be much slower.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.remedyland.com/2013/11/onychogryphosis-rams-horn-nails-treatment.html

http://www.epainassist.com/joint-pain/foot-pain/onychogryphosis-or-rams-horn-nails

http://www.footvitals.com/toenails/onychogryphosis.html

Koilonychia (Spoon Nails)

Nicknamed as Spoon Nails, it is when the nails become small and concave, meaning there's more of skin than the actual nail. It gives an illusion of a 'spoon-like' appearance.

APPEARANCE

Visually 'like a spoon'. The nail is bent inwards, to resemble an 'in arch' appearance. Often the nail is shrunk and the fingers are fleshy. One example to determine Koilonychia is the 'water drop test'- by putting a drop of water onto the nail, if it fits into the 'arch'. 

CAUSES

With Koilonychia,  it's a 'deterioration of the internal tissue'. One of the most common factors is anemia and/or iron deficiency. Other factors could be Nail Patella Syndrome, Renal Disease, Thyroid dysfunction. Chemotherapy, Malnutrition, Metabolism Problems have also been known to cause it.

WILL THIS AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

Mainly not. 

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES

- Limiting on oils/moisturisers

- Iron intake

- Vitamin intake

- (With Toes) Wear more open or looser shoewear.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.medicinenet.com/koilonychia/symptoms.htm

http://byebyedoctor.com/koilonychia/

Onychophagy

Literally 'Nail Biting Disease', Onychophagy occurs purely by 'nail biting'. As with Onychauxis, Onychatrophia and Onchorrexis, the word part 'Onych' refers to 'deterioration of nail'. So nail biting dissolves the structure of the nail, literally deteriorating it.

APPEARANCE

Hence the name 'Bitten Nails', the nails literally are chewed away and there usually isn't much of the free edge remaining. Sometimes bacteria could even form, as some nails can have tinges of yellow. Skin can also be affected too, and signs can include dried skin and wounds.

CAUSES

As Onychophagy stands for, the habit of nail biting.

WILL THIS AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

Nail work, aside from buffing, could still be able to be treated. 

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES

The only way to stop Onychophagy is to stop the habit of nail biting. This habit is related to psychological health, so there needs to be reminders set for the client to not bite. While manicurists may not have the exact knowledge as psychologists do, general reminders that could be set up is to apply special clear nail polish- one that is safe and non-toxic. This is bitter and can discourage the person from biting any further.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://nailsbiters.wordpress.com/onycophagy/what-is-onychophagie-in-english/
http://www.skinnail.com/eng/skin-nail-onychophagy
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/intense-emotions-and-strong-feelings/201205/reforming-the-nail-biter
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140710-why-do-we-bite-our-nails

Onychophagia

Onchorrexhis

Also known as Brittle Nail Syndrome,  Onychorrhexis dehydrates the moisture of the nail, making it more prone to breakage, including chipping, splitting, and partial breakage.

APPEARANCE

Brittle, hence the name 'Brittle Nails Syndrome'. It is hard and dry, and depending on the severity, either the nail can be partially chipped with one layer, or almost the entire layer of nail.

CAUSES

As Onchorrexhis is 'dehydration of the nail', products such as nail polish removers and soap can be a factor.  Iron deficiency is critical for Onchorrexhis, as nails need iron to retain its structure.

But there are also other health factors including the following:

- Bullimia

- Anorexia

- Malnutrition

- Psoriasis

- Physical Injury/Trauma

One environmental factor can be cold exposure.

WILL IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

With nails, the manicurist/pedicurist needs to have extra caution when treating them. Not only do nail polish removers dehydrate the plate, buffing could also damage them. However cuticle cream and oil can benefit with treating nails, as they moisturise the nail plate, although cuticle removal would have to be done with extra caution.

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES

Soaps should be avoided or limited for people with brittle nails. Moisturisers or nail oils are essential in restoring and hardening the nail plate. Vitamin intake is also essential, especially for malnutrition and Iron deficiency. Zinc and Vitamin B-12 are also essential for nail strengthening. In general, regular water intake also improves nail moisture as well.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.medicineonline.com/articles/o/2/Onychorrhexis/Brittle-Nails.html

http://healthool.com/onychorrhexis/

http://www.nailsmag.com/encyclopedia/64079/onychorrhexis

http://www.primehealthchannel.com/onychorrhexis-pictures-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

https://www.google.com.au/search?q=nail+oil&oq=nail+oil&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60j69i65l2j69i60l2.1492j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

http://www.totalbeauty.com/content/article/best-vitamins-for-nails

Pterygium

A condition that affects the nails, it is a type of fungus that eats away at the edges, often leaving a 'winged' like shape, hence the name 'pterygium'. As a result, skin forms over the missing edges, consuming the nail plate.

APPEARANCE

Chewed out, most of the nail plate are gone. The appearance can be barely noticeable. As the nails have mostly deteriorated, it leaves lots of flesh and sometimes even mould.

CAUSES
Nail biting can contribute to pterygium, as the tissue and nail structure weakens and dissolves over time. However, physical nail injuries are another factor. Other health problems that contribute to this are Rheumatic Diseases, and lichen planus. Other times malnutrition, chemotherapy and iron deficiency can contribute as well.

WILL THIS AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?
It will affect the nails, but not the rest of  the manicure/pedicure.

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
Like Onychatrophia, Pterygium is permanent and there can't be any natural replacements for the nail. However early signs can be detected during a manicure/pedicure, which is essential. However, the scar tissue overgrowth can be reduced with surgery or cortisone injections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.nailsmag.com/encyclopedia/64119/pterygium

http://www.drraoof.com/hair-nail-disease-treatment

http://www.hooked-on-nails.com/naildisorders.html

http://www.ehow.com/about_5644679_pterygium-nail-disorders.html

Onychatrophia

These nails have deteriorated in structure and in the layers, leaving a chewed-out, deteriorated appearance.

APPEARANCE

Chewed-out, rotting and deteriorated. Sometimes the entire nail plate is gone, which leaves only remnants of the nail bed.

CAUSES

While one factor can be biting nails consistently, other health problems can also contribute to this, such as burns, nail injury, skin diseases, or fungal infection. Other times it can happen as a result of Thyroid diseases, Lyell's Syndromes or vascular problems.

WILL IT AFFECT THE TREATMENT?

Apart from not being able to perform nail services on them, the rest of the manicure/pedicure procedure could still go as usual.

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES

Unfortunately, nails that are severely damaged by Onychatropia can go beyond any repair or preventions: so early detection is essential. To make up with the rest of this, a visit to the doctor or seeking further medical treatment can help treat the condition that caused it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.nailsmag.com/article/97480/onychatrophia

http://www.sterishoe.com/foot-care-blog/toenail-fungus/onychatrophia-toenail-fungus/

Onychauxis (Hypertrophy Of The Nail)

An enlargement of the nail structure, the toenail affected grows unnaturally, thickening into a callus.

APPEARANCE

It can affect either the entire toe or in several or even a singular nail. As a result, it becomes a callus, meaning it is greatly thickened and hardened. The nails can grow unnatural and bent, and it can also appear mouldy.

CAUSES
As Onychauxis is an internal nail condition, it is caused by bacteria entering the nail. Bacteria can form under the nail if it's exposed to humid conditions. The most common reason for this is wearing closed in shoes and socks. Other factors can be psoriasis.

WILL THIS AFFECT THE TREATMENT?
Other than requiring to see a doctor for further examination, the nails should be safe to buff and clean depending on the severity of  the disorder.

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
One way is to try and even out the nail layer, at least shaping it to reduce the thickness and mould. This can improve the condition and shape of the nail and prevent it from worsening.

https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=hypertrophy+meaning
http://www.nailsmag.com/article/82023/what-is-onychauxis
http://www.nuricare.com/en/services/details/22/5/Nail-abnormalities/Onychauxis
https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=onychauxis%20nails

Hammer Toes

A form of foot deformity in which the toe is severely deformed, disproportioned in an unnatural angle. 

APPEARANCE

Severely deformed toe, which can bend to the left. If severe, it would go under the second toe and some others, giving it a 'binded, contorted' appearance.

CAUSES

Hammer Toes can be affected by arthritis, diabetes, a serious toe injury/damage, or prolonged constriction by footwear that isn't appropriate for the foot. Other preceding injury include bunions.

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

As Hammer Toes are an internal injury, this could severely affect the pedicure procedure, since it causes pain and discomfort for the client affected by this. While massage and foot wash can still be done without any interruptions, the toes should be avoided altogether. 

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES

Depending on the severity of the injury, if the toe could still be moved, then surgery isn't required. However, it is not recommended to wear foot pads, as this is a drastic move for the disrupted foot. Instead, have a transitional approach, and that involves prevention. Tight shoes should be constricted. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.healthline.com/health/hammer-toe

http://www.webmd.boots.com/foot-care/hammer-toes-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2015/04/best-ways-you-can-treat-prevent-hammertoe/

Corns

Corns are patches of hardened, swollen skin that are raised as a result of pressure or friction. For example, Ice-Skating Boots that are too small or worn improperly could result in having 'corns'. This can cause pain and discomfort for the foot/feet affected.

APPEARANCE

Raised, patchy, can come in different shapes and sizes. The image above shows 'dried corns'- calluses that are dried and thickened, leaving the skin peeling or with holes. The second above shows a more 'bubble-like' appearance, where the skin is reddened (or yellowed) and raised in lumps.

CAUSES

As mentioned before, corns are caused by long periods of constriction, (from wearing tight or smaller shoes) friction and pressure on certain parts of the foot. However, there are also physical factors such as foot deformities (flat feet), or pre-existing foot disorders (bunions)

WILL IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?
While it won't completely disrupt with pedicure and foot care, the affected foot/feet will need to be performed on carefully, especially during massage. Exfoliation should be excluded if there are corns visible on the flat side of the foot.

TREATMENTS/POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
With treating 'corns', prevention is always important to stop any further injury or damage. Discontinue footwear that is tight, smaller than the suitable size, and not constricting. It also depends on the size and forms- while raised lumps will require longer care, dry calluses can be treated through wearing padding or even removal utensils.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/understanding-corns-calluses-basics
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/feet-problems-and-treatments
http://www.beautyzion.com/corns/corns-on-feet-how-to-get-rid-remove/
http://www.webmd.boots.com/foot-care/corns-calluses-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

Heel Fissures

Heel Fissures are cracked, dry and hardened skin which occurs in the plantar/s of the foot. As a result, fissures appear inside the foot. The rest of the heel is callus-like: it causes the skin to raise and harden, providing discomfort, pain or even a loss of sensation.

 APPEARANCE

Dry, cracked, either yellowish or brownish. The fissures have various depth levels and appearances- in more severe levels, they give a visual impression of a 'drought-affected ground'.

CAUSES
As the fissures are mainly a result of dry skin, the main factors that contribute to dry skin is by friction or contact. Although skin on the plantar is tough, it can still become worn from foot damage, like prolonged standing or constant friction with the shoe (if socks aren't worn). Fissures can also result from being overweight, as the feet have more body mass to carry and can take a toll. Other factors include dehydration or genetics.

WILL IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?
This can be treatable and safe with a pedicure treatment, with more caution. However exfoliation should be avoided. This can cause extra pain and further injury for the affected feet. However this could be confusing if the client has loss of sensory reactions on the foot. If this is the case, this should require paediatric or General Practitioner care, depending on the severity.


ALTERNATIVES/POSSIBLE TREATMENTS
As mentioned earlier, it is best that the affected foot/feet receive medical care. However, there are obviously do-it-yourself home treatments. The essential methods to treat heel fissures are lubricant-based oils, such as oil, shea butter and petroleum jelly. With regular treating, the skin will become more moisturised, preventing further dehydration and injury. Depending on severity or the body's time to heal, fissures will eventually become cleared within a few weeks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.feetfirst.ie/page.aspx?pageid=63

http://www.foot.com/site/foot-conditions/heel-fissures

http://www.foot-pain-explained.com/heel-fissure.html

http://www.dermnetnz.org/scaly/cracked-heels.html

http://www.podantics.com.au/heel-callus-cracked-heels.html

http://www.livestrong.com/article/238825-foot-creams-for-cracked-heels/

Tinea Pedis

Tinea Pedis

This is a type of infection that affects the foot, resulting in dry, cracked skin inflammations. This is more common in young adults, particularly a certain range of young adult men. It is also nicknamed as 'Athlete's Foot'.

APPEARANCE

Dry, cracked, peeling and inflammed red. This can vary in size and affects both the plantar, arch area and toes.

CAUSES

This is a fungal foot infection, so Tinea Pedis results from spores or bacteria. With fungal infections they generally appear from humid and warm conditions, the best time for bacteria to spread rapidly. In this case, the most common reason is by wearing closed in shoes for long periods of time. Particular places for Tinea Pedis to occur are in public showers/bathrooms, where shared contact from skin to humid moist are most common.

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?
Foots affected by Tinea Pedis could still be treated in a pedicure as normal. With pedicures, while it doesn't medically treat the infected foot/s, it washes and cleans it, which could stop any worsening of the infection. But with any foot infection/diseases, it should always be left best to a podiatrist.

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS
Antiseptic, antibacterial medicine provide the best counteract to fungal infections. However, Tinea Pedis can be treated with general care, which will take time. The foot should be cleaned and washed daily, and treated thoroughly. With preventing this, it is highly recommended not to share shoes with others or wear them for too long.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.dermnetnz.org/fungal/tinea-pedis.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091684-overview

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tinea

http://www.medicalpedicure.com.au/category/tinea-pedis/

http://www.ifd.org/protocols/tinea-pedis

http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/athlete-s-foot-tinea-pedis.html

Plantar Warts

Plantar Warts 

Plantar Warts are skin growths that appear as swelling on the plantar (the heel). While these are irritated and infected, however these are non-cancerous, and do not have any life-threatening or significant risks for the body.

DESCRIPTION

These appear to be thickened warts that visually resemble mould. Warts can appear in various sizes and areas, for example they can either appear in clusters, or spread out. If felt, they are quite lumpy and irritated- either painful or itchy. 

CAUSES

Warts on the plantar are usually caused by skin damage, such as injuries or contact. A few examples can be frequent contact with water (public swimming pools), scratching or touching them, even with other people's warts as well. However, there are two other facts about plantar warts: Firstly they can be a sign of HPV (usually a sexually-transmitted disease), secondly it is common for children to have warts particularly in their pre-teens to mature adolescence. 

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

Although plantar warts are virus-based, however they aren't entirely contagious. So if a pedicure/massage is to be performed, the foot's condition could still be considered satisfactory enough. The worst scenario is that the person may receive discomfort or pain in the process. However if the client has HPV, diabetes or poor sensation, this could indicate a potential health hazard with treatment, and should require to seek professional medical care.

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS

Any foot problems should always be checked and treated by podiatrists, as they mainly focus on foot health and care. With plantar warts, they can be removed under a doctor's guidance. Methods include:

- Dry Ice (Cryotherapy) can freeze the warts, stopping any growth and eventually removing them.

- Topical applications, particularly any skin lotions using salicylic acid.

- Laser therapy

If the client doesn't want these treatments, then the best way is to leave the warts as it is. With time, it may be slower recovery, however it is still possible without any medical treatment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/plantar-warts-palmer-warts

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/plantar_warts/article_em.htm

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/warts

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-warts/basics/definition/con-20025706

http://afootc.com.au/treatments/warts-verrucae/

https://www.drscholls.com/productsandbrands/plantarwartremoverforfeet/

Bunions (Hallux Valgus)

Bunions (Hallux Valgus)

A deformity that appears at the toe side of the foot, giving it a 'swollen-like' appearance. This is an internal disorder, as it affects the bone structure, rather than the skin. Bunions happen from long-term problems, ranging from birth deformities to wearing small or restrictive shoes.

APPEARANCE

A swollen-looking lump that bends the toe depending on its severity. It protrudes greatly from the foot, which is clear and obvious to see.

CAUSES 

Bunions, as mentioned before, is an 'internal' injury, which is typically caused by dislocation and deformity, usually from wearing restrictive shoes like high heels for long periods of time. Another cause can also be arthritic or ligament issues, such as birth or natural bone enlargement.

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

It doesn't affect the toenails, but it can  affect pedicure or any foot massage, due to pain and limitations with certain massage techniques. Pedicures and foot massages could still go ahead, but with a few cautions, such as avoiding the bunion area during massage, depending on the severity of this.

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS

With bone deformities, surgery is the best possible way to get rid of the bunion permanently. If not, there are other less costly ways to treat it. Bunion Pads are a common product used to protect bunions and the foot from further pressure and dislocation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eczema-atopic-dermatitis

https://www.southerncross.co.nz/AboutTheGroup/HealthResources/MedicalLibrary/tabid/178/vw/1/ItemID/205/Bunions-causes-treatment-surgery-prevention.aspx

http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2014/12/7-ways-to-ease-your-bunions-without-surgery/

https://bunionbootie.com/bunion-bootie-bunion-treatment/

Calluses

CALLUSES

Thickened sections that harden tissue or nails from time periods of pressure or friction (e.g. long hiking or running). As a result, this dries up natural oils and moistures, leaving the nail harden abnormally.

APPEARANCE

A very thick, (can appear yellow) hardened external nail portion, affecting a large or almost the entire nail plate. It grows inwardly.

CAUSES

Calluses can have several factors. As mentioned before, calluses happen from long periods of pressure or friction. However, injury can also contribute, such as cracks or chipped nails. Calluses are most likely to be found on toenails because of natural physical activity, such as walking. Age can also be counted, due to the decreasing nail rate growth.

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

It doesn't really raise any significant concerns for any treatment, but it all depends on the thickness and comfort level of the client. Nail Design Applications could still proceed without any disruptions, however, choosing to shape could create a problem especially surrounding the calluses' thickness, which could cause pain or discomfort with the client.

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS:

The main mistake many people make when treating a callus is cutting the affected nail area. This will only cause the callus to regrow more thicker with each time. Instead, the best method is to try and thin or disinfect the area. For example using cuticle oil or a chemical remover.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://www.nailsmag.com/encyclopedia/63870/callus

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/beauty/feet-beauty

http://www.footvitals.com/toenails/thick-toenails.html

http://www.nice-feet.net/thick-toenails/

http://www.md-health.com/Thick-Toenails.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/science/why-do-toenails-thicken-as-we-age.html?_r=0

 http://www.totalbeauty.com/content/gallery/nail-salon-secrets/p83322/page13

https://www.sharecare.com/health/foot-care-hair-nail-health/corns-calluses-treatment

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-common-foot-problems

http://www.nailcarehq.com/callus-callous-treatment/

Psuedomonas Bacteria

Psuedomonas Bacteria

A type of bacteria that affects any part of the body. Generally, this is very mild and is rarely life-threatening or dangerous.

APPEARANCE:

A green coloured mould that stains a section of the nail, commonly on the external portion (white part).

CAUSES:

This is mainly caused by contact of bacteria with an exposed flaw (crack or lifted nail), in moist and humid conditions. For example, toenails are more likely to be infected from wearing socks. With socks they absorb the perspiration of the feet, and so this can be one contributor.

DOES IT AFFECT THE PROCEDURE?

It can. Since it's an internal mould, it can especially worsen if nail art or polishing is applied. The nail is already contaminated, and any other non-sanitising liquid can only add to the bacteria since it grows by 'feeding'. However, this all depends on the severity of the mould, although it's strongly recommended not to go ahead with any enhancing treatment.

POSSIBLE TREATMENTS/ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS:

It is best the client treats the mould before they proceed with any enhancing treatment (manicure, nail art). Remove as much of the external nail portion as possible, then sanitise the nail before buffing to remove the discolouring. Keep repeating this regularly until the discolouring is completely gone. In the meantime, check them regularly for any progress and provide feedback.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://www.healthline.com/health/pseudomonas-infections#Overview1

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/pseudomonas_infection-health/article_em.htm

http://what-when-how.com/acp-medicine/diseases-of-the-nail-part-1/http://www.nailsmag.com/article/107126/something-to-talk-about-pseudomonas

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4298286/

http://www.beautytech.info/articles/pseudomonas.htm

Intro

The Naily Guide To Flaws And Fungus

Above this you'll be introduced to a long, but limited, number of conditions that can affect finger and toe nails. In the case of providing a manicure/pedicure, a client with one/more of these conditions can interfere with this. The person applying this could either alter the changes with certain moderations or reject the client's appointment entirely.

NOTE: This is an assignment made by a student and so this guide is not to be used as official medical knowledge.

Credit also goes to the sites/writers providing the information about these disorders.